It thus appears that the universe is evolving toward a spherical balance, a universe where period times are equal to precession times, and where there are no corners or sharp edges (Such as there are in triangles and squares.).

As indicated in lesson #1, time, in the sense of aging, is related to entropy, and entropy, in turn, is related to populations and the number of ways a population can combine. The direction of time is determined by comparing the exponential decays of populations to one another, and the events used to define periods and intervals are ordered along populations decay and growth curves. The fundamental population units of nature seems to be standing waves, and macroscopic populations such as atomic particles, atoms, molecules, body cells, rats, people and stars seem to be aggregates of standing waves. A population may consist of particles, atoms, molecules, rats, etc. When factors exist that affect a population, the population changes. Factors can make populations grow or diminish in number to zero, and beyond!

Population units have chirality (Exist in clockwise and counter-clockwise forms.), and counter-clockwise populations are negative with respect to clockwise populations. Negative populations are significant in negative temperatures, stimulated emission (LASERS), anti-matter, etc. Populations are generally perceived and expressed as logarithmic functions rather than linear functions as the logarithmic function emphasizes ratios rather than absolute values, and this best conveys what is happening to a population. For example, a change of one in a rat population, would not be too significant in a rat population of one million, but it would be very significant in a rat population of ten. The driving force of the universe is for populations to grow, but the growth of one population comes at the expense of other populations (Natural Selection). For example, the population growth of photons, comes at the expense of matter. In the playing field of the universe, some populations are growing, and some populations are diminishing, but on the whole, populations are increasing.

The process of Natural Selection applies not only to organic genotypes, but also to populations such as atomic particles, atoms, molecules, plants, rats, people and stars. Given suitable environments and incubation periods, populations of many kinds can arise, and when nurturing environments persist, populations can grow, and when environments are not suitable, populations can fade away. Each population changes the environment in some ways, and these changes affect the other populations, causing populations to come into existence, die, wax and wane

An increase in the "total ways" indicates that either the population of bodies in the universe is increasing, or that the "ways" members of a population can interface is increasing, or both. I suggest that entropy is removing out of balance conditions in the universe, by creating more ways for bodies to interface. In a two-body, two-dimensional universe this would be equivalent to wearing the edges off triangles, squares, hexagons, etc. and eventually ending up with circles. In a multi-body, three-dimensional universe, this would be equivalent to the periods and precessions of all pairs of bodies becoming equal. Note that these changes would be ordered along a population or "ways" count. This is to be expected, as when out of balance conditions exist in any dynamic system, something has to give. I also suggest that entropy drives "Natural Selection", and that "Natural Selection" applies not only to organic genotypes, but to all populations including atomic particles, atoms, molecules, plants, rats, people and stars. Given suitable environments and incubation periods, populations of many kinds can arise, (Even positrons, omega particles and quarks.) and when suitable environments persist, populations can increase, and when environments are not suitable, populations can fade away. I further suggest that the natural tendency is for populations to grow, as if the environment, that enabled a population to come into being, persisted, the population would naturally increase. And I suggest, that an environment consists of interacting populations. That each population being part of the environment affects the other populations, causing populations to come into existence, wax and wane, and die. In other words: out-of-balance conditions lead to counteracting forces, which tend to break things apart (Increase a population), or smooth edges (Increase ways), and the increase in ways and population being part of the environment, in turn affect other populations, leading to a reduction in the number of populations, and an increase in total population, and smoothing (More ways means lower temperature and energy differences.).